Food and beverage production generates large volumes of wastewater containing oil, organic matter, and suspended solids. Originating from cleaning, rinsing, mixing, and filling processes, this wastewater is typically high in concentration, unstable, oily, and prone to odor and corrosion — demanding hygienic and corrosion-resistant equipment.

- High oil content leading to deposits in pipes and equipment.
- Heavy organic load (high COD/BOD) requiring odor and bacteria control.
- Complex composition with suspended solids, proteins, sugars, and fats demanding flexible treatment processes.
- Strict hygiene and material safety standards, often requiring stainless steel 304/316.

Municipal wastewater mainly comes from households, restaurants, laundries, and commercial activities. It features large flow volumes and fluctuating organic loads, requiring stable and low-maintenance equipment.

- Contains suspended solids, oils, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds
- Seasonal and daily water quality variations
- Must meet strict discharge and reuse standards

Wastewater from electroplating and metal finishing contains heavy metal ions (Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, etc.) along with acidic, alkaline, and suspended impurities. Its composition is highly variable and corrosive, demanding robust and safe equipment.

- High heavy metal and salt content
- Large pH fluctuations
- Contains surfactants and reducing agents
- Requires stable, compliant discharge